International trade continues to be a major driver of global economic growth, helping improve the efficiency of agricultural systems, expand food supply, and ensure greater availability of competitively priced products for consumers. However, expanding trade also brings significant environmental challenges, including increased emissions, pressure on natural resources, and the risk of ecosystem degradation.
It is in this context that FAO's most recent analyses, dedicated to the relationship between trade, sustainability, and food security, are inserted. The organization highlights how trade policies in the agri-food sector can be designed to balance economic, environmental, and social objectives, while also promoting more sustainable development.
Particular attention is paid to so-called "environment-related provisions" related to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, which are increasingly present in regional trade agreements. These environmental provisions are playing a growing role in regulating international trade and promoting more sustainable production practices.
One of the studies published by FAO analyzes the impact of such clauses on national regulations in several countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The findings show how trade agreements can contribute to strengthening domestic environmental governance, influencing the evolution of legislation and public policies in the affected sectors.
A second line of research focuses on the effects of climate and weather shocks on trade flows of major agricultural commodities, such as wheat, corn, and rice. The analysis, which covers the period from 2007 to 2023, highlights how international trade plays a key role in compensating for production losses caused by extreme weather events.
When an importing country experiences crop losses, it tends to increase purchases from abroad, especially if it has a diversified network of suppliers. Conversely, shocks affecting exporting countries can significantly reduce the volumes available on international markets, with effects amplified by export restrictions.
FAO emphasizes that increasing climate variability and tensions affecting global markets make it increasingly important to build resilient agri-food supply chains and open markets capable of ensuring continuity of supplies.
Finally, a further study explores the effects of environmental clauses in trade agreements on agricultural trade flows. The goal is to understand the extent to which these instruments can influence the composition of trade and foster positive environmental outcomes.
Overall, the analyses confirm that trade and sustainability should not be considered opposing objectives. On the contrary, with appropriate rules and effective governance, trade agreements can become a strategic tool for strengthening global food security and supporting the transition to more sustainable agri-food systems.
